I-China inomlando ocebile wokuqamba izinto ezintsha, nezinto eziningi ezisunguliwe ezibe nomthelela omkhulu empucukweni yomhlaba. Kulezi zinto ezisunguliwe, ezine zigqama njengezishintsha kakhulu: iphepha, isibhamu, ikhampasi, nezindlela zokunyathelisa. Lezi zinto ezisunguliwe azizange nje ziguqule izici ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi waseShayina kodwa futhi zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yabantu iyonke.

1. Ukusungulwa Kwephepha

Umongo Wezomlando

Ukusungulwa kwephepha kuthiwa kuhlobene noBukhosi bakwaHan (206 BCE–220 CE) eShayina yasendulo. Ngokwesiko, uqalo nosilika kwakuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhala, kodwa lezi zinto zazimba eqolo futhi ukuzikhandla kanzima. Ukusungulwa kwephepha, elenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo ezigayiwe, kwayishintsha kakhulu inqubo yokubhala nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi.

Umthelela Kwezokuxhumana Nezemfundo

Iphepha lenze ukufinyelela kwentando yeningi olwazini nasemfundweni. Kwenza kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kwezincwadi, ifilosofi, nolwazi lwesayensi, kwakhuthaza ukushintshana ngamasiko kanye nokuthuthuka kobuhlakani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyeleleka kwephepha kanye nokufinyeleleka kwephepha kwenze ukufunda nokubhala kwanda, kwanika abantu amandla kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.

2. Ukusungulwa Kwesibhamu

Imisuka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasekuqaleni

Isibhamu, eyaziwa nangokuthi impushana emnyama, yatholakala ngesikhathi seTang Dynasty (ikhulu lesi-9). Ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa iziqhumane nemikhuba yezenkolo, isibhamu kamuva sathola izicelo zamasosha, kuhlanganise nezibhamu zakuqala, amarokhethi, nezinganono. Ukusungulwa kwayo kwaguqula impi, kwashintsha ukuguquguquka kwezingxabano nokulolonga umlando.

Ithonya Ezimpini Nobuchwepheshe

Ukwethulwa kwezikhali zesibhamu kube nomthelela omkhulu kumasu namaqhinga ezempi. Kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuvimbezela athuthukile, izikhali, futhi ekugcineni, izibhamu. Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwezikhali ezisekelwe kumpuphu kusheshise ukufakwa kwamandla ombuso endaweni eyodwa kanye nokwanda kwamabutho angochwepheshe, kwashintsha isimo sezwe sezombusazwe.

3. Ikhampasi

Intuthuko kanye Nokubaluleka

Ikhampasi, eyasungulwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Han (ikhulu lesi-2 BCE), yaguqula ukuzulazula nokuhlola. Ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukubhula, ikhampasi kazibuthe kamuva yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhamba olwandle, yenza kube lula ukuhweba amabanga amade kanye nohambo lokutholwa. Ukusungulwa kwayo kwadlala indima ebalulekile eNkathini Yokuhlola kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezindlela zohwebo.

Ukuzulazula nokuhlola

Ikhampasi yashintsha indlela yokuhamba ngokunikeza indlela enokwethenjelwa yokunquma indlela olwandle. Lokhu kuphumelela kwenze amatilosi akwazi ukunqamula amabanga amade ngokunemba okukhulu nangokuzethemba, avula imizila emisha yezohwebo futhi akhuthaza ukushintshana kwamasiko phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga. Ikhampasi isalokhu iwuphawu lobuhlakani bomuntu nomoya wokuhlola.

4. Izindlela Zokuphrinta

Ukusungulwa Kohlobo Olunyakazayo

Uhlobo olunyakazayo, olusungulwe u-Bi Sheng ngesikhathi sobukhosi beNgoma (ngekhulu le-11), lwaguqula inqubo yokunyathelisa. Ngokungafani nokunyathelisa kwe-woodblock okuvamile, okwakudinga ukubaza amabhlogo ahlukene ekhasi ngalinye, uhlobo olunyakazayo lwaluvumela ukukhiqizwa kabusha okusheshayo kwemibhalo ngokuhlela izinhlamvu ngazinye embhedeni ogudlukayo.

Revolution in Publishing and Education

Ukusungulwa kwezinhlobo ezinyakazayo kwashintsha kakhulu ukushicilela, okwenza izincwadi zithengeke kalula futhi zifinyeleleke kubantu abaningi. Kwasiza ukusakazeka kolwazi nemibono ngezinga elingakaze libonwe, kwabhebhethekisa iRenaissance kanye neNguquko Yezesayensi eYurophu. Uhlobo olunyakazayo luphinde lwadlala indima ebalulekile ekumiseni ulimi olubhalwayo lufane nokuthuthukisa ukufunda nokubhala emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Izinto ezine ezinkulu ezisungulwe eChina—iphepha, isibhamu, ikhampasi, nezindlela zokunyathelisa—ziye zashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wesintu. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azigcinanga nje ngokuguqula umphakathi waseShayina kodwa futhi zakha umkhondo wempucuko yomhlaba wonke. Kusukela ekwenzeni lula ukuxhumana nemfundo kuya ekuguquleni impi nokuhlola, izinto ezisunguliwe zaseShayina ziyaqhubeka nokuzwakala emhlabeni wanamuhla.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa (FAQs)

  1. Ingabe lezi eziqanjiwe zisuka e-Chinese kuphela? Cha, nakuba lezi zinto ezisunguliwe zaqala eShayina, zagcina zisakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba futhi zaba nomthelela entuthukweni eyalandela kwezobuchwepheshe namasiko.
  2. Lezi zinto ezisunguliwe zibe namuphi umthelela ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke? Ukusungulwa kwephepha, ikhampasi, nezindlela zokunyathelisa kwenze kwaba lula ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla, imibono, nolwazi, kwaba nengxenye ekukhuleni kwezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke.
  3. Ukusungulwa kwesibhamu kwabathinta kanjani amaqhinga ezempi? Izikhali zesibhamu zaguqula impi ngokwethula amaqhinga namasu amasha, njengempi yokuvimbezela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibhamu empini.
  4. Lezi zinto ezisunguliwe zadlala yiphi indima ngeRenaissance? Ukusabalala kolwazi okwenziwa amasu okunyathelisa nephepha kwaba nendima ebalulekile ekuchumeni kobuhlakani beNkathi Yokuvuselela EYurophu.
  5. Ingabe kukhona okunye okuqanjiwe okubalulekile okuvela eShayina yasendulo? Yebo, iShayina inomlando ocebile wokuqamba izinto ezintsha, nezinto eziqanjiwe ezisukela ekukhiqizweni kukasilika kanye ne-porcelain kuya kusondo lamanzi kanye ne-stirrup, phakathi kokunye.